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Japanese macaque
The Japanese macaque (;〔(macaque ) pronunciation by Oxford Dictionaries〕 ''Macaca fuscata'') is a terrestrial Old World monkey species native to Japan. They are also sometimes known as the snow monkey because they live in areas where snow covers the ground for months each year – no other non-human primate is more northern-living, nor lives in a colder climate.〔(Jigokudani Monkey Park, Nagano: Explore the Heart of Japan )〕〔( Profile of Japanese macaques by Masahiro Minami, Simon Fraser University; Masui, K. (1988), Nihonzaru no fudo, Climatology of Japanese Macaque, Tokyo: Yuzankaku; Nakagawa, N., Iwamoto, T., Yokota, N., & Soumah, A.G. (1996). Inter-regional and inter-seasonal variations of food quality in Japanese macaques: constraints of digestive volume and feeding time. In J.E. FA., & D.G. Lindburg (Eds.), Evolution and ecology of macaque societies (pp. 207-234). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. )〕 Individuals have brown-grey fur, red faces, and short tails. There are two subspecies.
In Japan, the species is known as ''Nihonzaru'' (''Nihon'' 日本 "Japan" + ''saru'' 猿 "monkey") to distinguish it from other primates, but the Japanese macaque is very familiar in Japan, so when Japanese people simply say ''saru'', they usually have in mind the Japanese macaque.
==Physical characteristics==
The Japanese macaque is sexually dimorphic. Males weigh on average , while females average .〔Fooden J, Aimi M. (2005) "Systematic review of Japanese macaques, ''Macaca fuscata'' (Gray, 1870) ". ''Fieldiana: Zoology'' 104:1-200.〕 Macaques from colder areas tend to weigh more than ones from warmer areas.〔Hamada Y, Watanabe T, Iwamoto M. (1996) "Morphological variations among local populations of Japanese macaque (''Macaca fuscata'') ". In: Shotake T, Wada K, editors. ''Variations in the Asian macaques''. Tokyo: Tokai Univ Pr. p97-115.〕 Male average height is and female average height is .〔 Their brain size is approximately . Japanese macaques have short stumps for tails that average in males and in females.〔 The macaque has a pinkish face and posterior.〔Rowe N. (1996) ''The pictorial guide to the living primates''. East Hampton (NY): Pogonias Pr. p124-5.〕 The rest of its body is covered in brown, greyish, or yellowish hair.〔 The coat of the macaque is well-adapted to the cold and its thickness increases as temperatures decrease. The macaque can cope with temperatures as low as -20 °C (-4 °F).〔Hori T, Nakayama T, Tokura H, Hara F, Suzuki M. (1977) "Thermoregulation of the Japanese macaque living in a snowy mountain area". ''Jap J Physiol'' 27:305-19.〕
Macaques mostly move on all fours. They are semi-terrestrial, with females spending more time in the trees and males spending more time on the ground. Macaques are known to leap. They are also great swimmers and have been reported to swim over half a kilometer.〔 The longevity for the macaque averages 6.3 years (at least for females).〔Takahata Y, Suzuki S, Agetsuma N, Okayasu N, Sugiura H, Takahashi H, Yamagiwa J, Izawa K, Furuichi T, Hill DA, Maruhashi T, Saito C, Sato S, Sprague DS. (1998) "Reproduction of wild Japanese macaque females of Yakushima and Kinkazan islands: a preliminary report". ''Primates'' 39(3):339-349.〕 However, they have been known to live much longer; males have lived up to 28 years and females up to 32 years.〔Nakamichi M, Kojima Y, Itoigawa N, Imakawa S, Machida S. (1995) "Interactions among adult males and females before and after the death of the alpha male in a free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques". ''Primates'' 36(3):385-96.〕
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